Inkoko nigicuruzwa kinini inyama n'ibicuruzwa byo kunywa ku isi. Abagera kuri 70% yinkoko yisi ituruka mubabara byera. Inkoko nigicuruzwa cya kabiri cyinyama mu Bushinwa. Inkoko mu Bushinwa ikomoka ahanini mu kanwa keza hamwe na broile yamahanwa. Umusanzu wunzu yera yera kumusaruro winkoko mu Bushinwa ni 45%, hamwe nu muhondo wibasiye umuhondo ni 38%.

Umuyoboro wera wibasiwe nimwe hamwe nigipimo cyo hasi cyo kugaburira inyama, urwego rwo hejuru rwubworozi bunini bwurugero rwubuyobozi bwo hanze. Abanyarurerezi b'umuhondo amababa yakoreshejwe mu musaruro w'Ubushinwa ni byose twigenga ubwoko bw'inzobere, kandi umubare w'inzoka zihingwa ni urugero rwiza rwo guhindura inyungu za moshi y'ibicuruzwa.

1, amateka yiterambere yinkoko

Inkoko zo mu rugo zashyizwe mu mashyamba ya Aziya 5000-10000 mu myaka irenga 7000 ishize, kandi amateka yo guhugura arashobora kuva mu manota ya 1000. Inkoko yo murugo irasa ninkoko yumwimerere muburyo bwumubiri, ibara ryibaba, indirimbo nibindi. Ubushakashatsi bwa cytogenetike na morfologiya bwagaragaje ko inkoko yumwimerere ari umukuramberezi w'inkoko zo mu gihugu. Hariho amoko ane ya hutin Gallinula, utukura (Gallus Gallus, Umutini. Hano haribintu bibiri bitandukanye ku nkomoko yinkoko yo murugo kuva mu nkoko yumwimerere: Inkomoko imwe ifata ko inkoko yumwimerere ishobora gufatwa rimwe cyangwa byinshi; Ukurikije Therioni yinkomoko menshi, usibye inyoni zitukura, zindi mashyamba kandi ni abakurambere b'inkoko zo murugo. Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bushyigikira inkomoko imwe, ni ukuvuga inkoko yo mu rugo yaturutse ku mfiti itukura.

 

(1) Gutyorora inzira zunganda zamahanga

Mbere ya 1930, amatora na pedigree guhinga kubuntu. Inyuguti nkuru zatoranijwe ni imikorere yumusaruro wigi, inkoko yari igicuruzwa, ubworozi bwinkoko bwari ahantu hato. Hamwe no kwivuzaga wenyine agasanduku k'igitandatu mu myaka ya za 1930, umusaruro w'amagi watoranijwe ukurikije amateka yatanzwe ku giti cye; Mu myaka ya za 1930 - 50, bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga ryibigori kabiri kubera ko hagaragaye ubworozi bw'inkoko, bwahise asimburanaga cyane ubworozi bwe, maze ahinduka umusaruro w'ingenzi mu gutanga inkoko y'ubucuruzi. Uburyo buhuye bwa Hybrudisation bwateye imbere buhoro buhoro kuva mu mva ya binary bikabije ku bijyanye no guhuza ternary na quaternay. Guhitamo neza kw'ibintu bigarukira kandi bike byatejwe imbere nyuma yuko amajwi ya Leta yatangiriye mu 1940, kandi kugabanuka kwatewe no kwemererwa hafi. Nyuma ya 1945, ibizamini byimigero bidasanzwe byakozwe ninzego zigera kuri iya gatatu cyangwa sitasiyo yikizamini muburayi na Amerika. Intego yari iyo gusuzuma neza ubwoko bwitabiriye isuzuma mubihe bimwe, kandi yagize uruhare rugaragara mugutezimbere umugabane wisoko ryubwoko bwiza bufite imikorere myiza. Igikorwa cyo gupima imikorere cyahagaritswe mu myaka ya za 70. Mu myaka ya za 1960-1980, guhitamo nyamukuru byoroshye gupima imico, nko kubyara amagi, igipimo cyo gukura, kwiyongera no kugaburira igipimo cyamagufwa no kurya murugo. Icyemezo kimwe cyo kugena kugaburira kugaburira kuva mu 1980 rwagize uruhare rutaziguye mu kugabanya imikoreshereze yo kugaburira imiyoboro ya broiler no kuzamura imigenzo yo gukoresha. Kuva mu 1990, ibiranga gutunganya byitabwaho, nka net yabyaye uburemere hamwe n'uburemere bwa sternale. Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gusuzuma genetike nkimirongo myiza itabogamye (Blup) hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa rifite uruhare runini mugutezimbere iterambere. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu kinyejana cya 21, ubworozi bwa Brouile yatangiye gusuzuma ubwiza bwibicuruzwa n'imibereho myiza. Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji ya molekile ya broiler ihagarariwe na genome yatoranijwe (gs) ihinduka mubushakashatsi niterambere kugirango usabe.

(2) uburyo bwo korora bwa broiler mubushinwa

Hagati mu kinyejana cya 19, inkoko zaho zo mu Bushinwa zabaye isi iganisha mu gutwimbika amagi n'inyama. Kurugero, intangiriro yinkoko yumusozi wimpyisi ninkoko yumuhondo wa jiangsu na Shanghai mu Bwiza, nyuma yo kororoka, byamenyekanye ko ari ubwoko busanzwe mu bihugu byombi. Inkoko ya Langshan ifatwa nkiburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha, ninkoko icyenda jin jin ifatwa nkubwoko butandukanye. Ubworozi bugira uruhare runini mu gushyiraho amatungo azwi ku isi ndetse n'ubwoko bw'inkoko, Ositaraliya y'Umukara wa Ositaraliya yashyize ahagaragara amaraso y'inkoko y'impyisi mu Bushinwa. Rockcock, Luodao Umutuku nandi moko nabyo bifata inkoko icyenda jin yumuhondo nkibikoresho byororoka. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu 1930, amagi n'inkoko ni ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Bushinwa. Ariko igihe kirekire nyuma yibyo, inganda ziterwa ninkoko mubushinwa ziguma kurwego kinini rwo kurera, kandi urwego rwumusaruro ni kure yurwego rwateye imbere kwisi. Hagati ya za 1960, ubwoko butatu bwaho bwinkoko ya Huiyang, Qingyuan Hemp Inkoko hamwe ninkoko ya Shiqi zatoranijwe nkibintu nyamukuru byingenzi muri Hong Kong. Hybrid yakozwe akoresheje ibishya bya Han Xia, Baikoc, Baikonish na Habid hamwe na Habbrid Inkoko Zihitwa Shiqi, wagize uruhare runini mubyakozwe no gukoresha imiyoboro ya Hong Kong. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1970 kugeza mu 1980, inkoko ya Shiqi Hybrid yamenyeshejwe kuri Guangdong na Guangxi, kandi yahungabanijwe n'inkoko yera yera, igahura inkoko zahinduwe na Shiqi yahinduwe kandi zikwira hose mu musaruro. Kuva mu 1960 kugeza mu 1980, twakoresheje ubworozi bwa Hybrid no guhitamo imiryango kugirango duhinge inkoko nshya y'imisozi, Inkoko y'iburasirazuba bwa Xinpu n'Inkoko za Xyinya. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza 2015, imiyoboro y'amababa y'umuhondo yemeje uburyo bwo korora mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo, kandi bugatanga ikoranabuhanga mu majyaruguru mu majyaruguru ya Henan, Shanxi na Shaanx. Amagi yubucuruzi yajyanywe mu majyepfo ya incubation no kurera, yemeje imikorere yumusaruro wumuhondo. Gutyorora gahunda yumuhanda wumuhondo watangiye mu mpera za 1980. Kumenyekanisha ibigerero rusange hamwe n'ingano nke kandi ntoya ku kuzigama muri gereza (DESE) kandi habaye amababa yera yera yatsinze uruhare runini mu kororoka kw'amababa y'umuhondo mu Bushinwa. Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyamababa yumuhondo aroha mu Bushinwa yakoresheje ubwo buhanga. Mu 1986, Guangzhou Baiyuy isosiyete iteza imbere amasoko yatangije inkoko yera yera na shiqi hybrid kugirango yongere imiyoboro ya 882 yumuhondo. Mu 1999, Shenzhen Kangdal (Group) Co, Ltd. Bred umurongo wa mbere uhuye na broiler y'umuhondo 128 (FIG. 4) byemewe na Leta. Nyuma yibyo, guhinga ubwoko bushya bwo guhinga amababa yumuhondo mubushinwa yinjiye mugihe cyiterambere ryihuse. Kugirango duhuze ibizamini bitandukanye no kwemezwa, kugenzura inkoko no kugenzura inkoko no kwipimisha no kwipimisha.

 

2, iterambere ryubworozi bugezweho bwororoka murugo no mumahanga

(1) Iterambere ry'amahanga

Kuva mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1950, iterambere ryo korora genetike ryashyizeho urufatiro rw'ibisaruro w'inkoko kijyambere, byateje imbere ubwisanzure bw'igisa n'indabyo, umusaruro w'inkoko, n'umusaruro wa broile wahindutse inganda z'inkoko zigenga. Mu myaka 80 ishize, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'ibihugu by'Uburayi byo mu Burayi byakoze kurohama ku buryo bwo gukura, kugaburira ibihembo n'imirambo y'inkombe, bigize imirasire y'inkoko, bikora ku nkombe z'umurima wa White House kandi bifata vuba isoko ryisi yose. Umurongo wumugabo wumugenaruko ugezweho ni inkoko yera ibigori, kandi umurongo wumugore ni inkoko yera ya plymouth. HETEROSIS ikorwa no gukusanya neza. Kugeza ubu, harimo n'Ubushinwa, ubwoko nyamukuru bukoreshwa mu musaruro wambaye imyenda yera ku isi ni Aa +, Ross, HUBBARD ndetse n'ahandi dutandukanye na Aviebs na Afurika. Umuyoboro wera ufite sisitemu ikuze kandi yuzuye kandi itunganijwe neza, agize imiterere ya piramide igizwe nitsinda ryibanze, sogokuru, basogokuru, ba sogokuru, ababyeyi nubucuruzi. Bifata imyaka 4-5 kugirango iterambere ryibanze ryitsinda ryibanze ryashyikirizwe inkoko z'ubucuruzi (Ishusho 5). Itsinda rimwe rya Core Hen rishobora kubyara imiyoboro irenga miriyoni yubucuruzi hamwe na toni zirenga 5000 yinkoko. Kugeza ubu, isi itanga miliyoni zigera kuri miliyoni 11.6 z'amatambiro ya Brouled Amazi, miliyoni 600 z'amashyaka y'ababyeyi n'inkoko za miliyari 80 z'ubucuruzi buri mwaka.

 

3, ibibazo nibibyimba

(1) Brar Houler yororoka

Ugereranije n'inzego mpuzamahanga zateye imbere y'ubworozi bwanduye, Ubushinwa bwigenga bwanduye Ibisobanuro ni ibi bikurikira: 1. Amasosiyete y'imibonano mpuzabitsina afite urukurikirane rw'iterambere ry'indahiza no kwiyongera kw'inyamanswa n'ibice, ibikoresho byo koroshya, bitanga ingwate yo kororoka ubwoko bushya; Umutungo wo korora wa broiler yamarangari mu Bushinwa hari urufatiro rukomeye hamwe nibikoresho byiza byororora.

2. Ikoranabuhanga ryorora. Ugereranije n'amasosiyete mpuzamahanga yo mu rwego mpuzamahanga afite uburambe burenga 100 bwo korora, ubworozi bw'umurima wera mu Bushinwa watangiye bitinze, kandi hari icyuho kinini cyo korora tekinoroji yo korora no kubyara ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Impamyabumenyi ya porogaramu yubuhanga bushya nkubworozi bwa genome ntabwo ari hejuru; Kubura byinshi-phenotype ifite ubuhanga bwo gupima neza, amakuru yikora yikora no kohereza impamyabumenyi ya porogaramu ni hasi.

3. Tekinoroji yo kweza indwara zikomeye. Amasosiyete manini yo korora inkoko yafashe ingamba zo kweza neza ku ndwara zihagaritse zishingiye ku mbogamizi za Aviya, pullorum n'ibindi bigaragaro, kunoza cyane ibihimbano by'ibicuruzwa. Kwezwa kwa leukemia na pullorum ni ikibaho kigufi kibuza iterambere inganda zubwoko bw'inkoko y'Ubushinwa, kandi ibikoresho byo gutahura bishingiye cyane ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.

(2) Uburakari bwumuhondo bwororoka

Ubworozi no gukora imiyoboro yumuhondo amababa mu Bushinwa ari murwego rwimbere kwisi. Icyakora, umubare w'imishinga yo korora ari nini, igipimo kitaringaniye, imbaraga za tekinike rusange zirakomeye, ingufu zo korora ikoranabuhanga zihaza, kandi ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byo kororoka bidahagije; Hariho urwego runaka rwo gusubirwamo ibintu, kandi hariho ubwoko buke bwibanze bwibiranga, imikorere myiza hamwe numugabane munini wisoko; Kuva kera, intego yo korora ni ukumenyera hamwe kugurisha inkoko nzima, nkamabara yumubiri, bidashobora kuzuza isoko ryibasiye ibicuruzwa byibanze nibicuruzwa bishya mubihe bishya.

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bw'inkoko mu Bushinwa, bwagize ibintu byinshi byiza bya genetike mu bihe byigihe kirekire kandi bigoye ibidukikije n'ubukungu n'ubukungu. Ariko, kuva kera, habuze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kubiranga ibikoresho bya germplasm, iperereza no gusuzuma umutungo bitandukanye ntibihagije, kandi isesengura no gusuzuma ni ugufasha amakuru ahagije. Byongeye kandi, kubaka sisitemu yo gukurikirana imbaraga za dinamike ntabwo bihagije, kandi gusuzuma imikoreshereze yumutungo ukomeye, bikatera imbaraga zumutungo wa genetike, kandi uganisha ku rwego rwo kurinda umutekano muke mu isoko ry'inkoko mu isoko ry'ubushinwa mu isoko ry'amadoko Guhangana kw'ibicuruzwa by'inkoko n'iterambere rirambye inganda z'inkoko.